Raising goats and the most important information about them
It was mentioned in the Holy Qur’an, “And of the sheep two, and of the goats two.” Verse 143 of Surat Al-An’am, and this clarifies the importance of the goats, in addition to that this noble verse corrects for us the common mistake in naming goats and their health is the goats.
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| Raising goats |
Self-sufficiency in agricultural products is considered a major and important strategic goal at the present time, with the increase in the income of investments in animal production, which requires the introduction of some modern technologies and systems that lead to maximizing profit from animal production projects, especially during the era of the Ministry of Modern Technologies headed by Prof. Dr. Ahmed Nazif, the Prime Minister. On the other hand, improving the characteristics and quality of animal products from goats by finding breeds that have high economic value in order to be able to compete for export, especially in the Gulf region, as local sheep and goats are among the most desirable animals for export to those countries.
Livestock production represents a third of agricultural production, and goats represent 15% of the volume of animal production in Egypt. The number of goats in Egypt is about 4 million heads distributed in the northern coast and Lower Egypt 0.9 million, and separate areas in Upper Egypt 1.7 million, and the reclaimed and desert lands 1.6 million. It has a large share in the production of meat and milk because of its unique characteristics.
The relative importance of the goats comes as a result of being an animal distinguished in its characteristics and suitability for living in desert lands, its ability to climb mountain peaks to search for its food, its ability to digest cellulosic fibers from any waste, whether in the fields or in the streets, and its ease of care, and it also plays a developmental role in the development of Bedouin communities.
The goat is more efficient and superior to other animals in economic terms, as it is a dual-purpose animal for the production of milk and meat, and it occupies a distinguished position in developing countries as it is considered a source of milk for small farms. And the quality of its food, the milk production of goats represents 25-30% of the cow's production under good and unified nutritional conditions.
The Animal Production Research Institute - Agricultural Research Center - Ministry of Agriculture plays a leading role in improving the production of local goats in Egypt, whether by selecting for the high productivity of meat or milk in local goats such as the Zaraibi or Al-Barqi goats, or by mixing them with other breeds such as Shami.
This leaflet was prepared to meet the desire of those interested in goats and breeders to get a quick idea about the goats. Those who want to expand the information should contact the Egyptian Institute or Society for Sheep, Goats and Desert Animals.
Advantages of raising goats:
Goats are:Small animals, beautiful to look at, a lot of movement, easy to care for, and young boys and women can take care of them.
It is suitable for cultivation in newly reclaimed lands in addition to unreclaimed lands, and its fertilizer raises the fertility of these lands, and the head produces an amount of municipal fertilizer commensurate with its food sources of fillers and is about 1.5 square meters annually, which is rich in organic matter.
Cheap price per one, does not require a large capital to form a herd of them.
The low costs of breeding and feeding them, as they are sweeping animals for all field waste and have a high conversion efficiency for food compared to other animals.
They do not need special pens, and simple umbrellas are sufficient to shelter them. They can be raised indoors and have the ability to acclimate and adapt to different environmental and nutritional conditions.
With high reproductive efficiency, as the percentage of twin production is high in one litter, reaching 2.3 (230 kids per 100 goats and his father) and the percentage of infertility is rare, and males can be cared for until they reach marketing age, while females will remain in the herd to increase the number of goats.
The small size of one makes it suitable for family consumption, especially on special occasions.
Goat meat has an excellent taste, and its fat content is low, and therefore its meat is preferred to reduce the incidence of arterial diseases.
Abundant milk production to the extent that it is called a small farmer’s cow due to its high milk production, which reaches 20-25% of the cow’s production, as it produces milk up to 1,200 kg per day for some animals, and it is characterized by small fat granules; Which makes it suitable for breast-feeding children, and expensive types of cheese are made from it, reaching 40 pounds per kilo, such as banana cheese, yrilla, and goats are currently being milked by hand, or by automatic milking machines in large farms (located in the dirty cypress station), and the finest leather is made from them. Types of leather products.
Its high ability to resist the lack of food sources, it has a very high conversion efficiency and can benefit more than other coarse materials such as straw and rice straw.
However, he blames her:
In the barns where goats are mixed with milking goats, their milk has a somewhat unacceptable smell.
Also, due to its ability to eat the bark of trees, it makes it destructive to grazing areas that have trees, and this can be avoided by preventing these causes. It is recommended to surround the barns with a high wall.
The most important goat breeds:
First: The local breeds, arranged according to their importance:
1- Al Zaraibi goats:
Zaraibi goats are considered one of the promising breeds that were collected and improved by the Animal Production Research Institute until they reached their current prestigious level. The origin of this strain is the global high-producing Anglo-Nubian strain of milk and mixed with the Egyptian Nubian.
Formal specifications:
Its color is red and black or mottled or a mixture of these colors, its face has a Roman nose, it is noticeably curved, its ears are long hanging on both sides of the face, the lower jaw is protruding from the upper jaw, the body is long and streamlined, and the legs are long. They are of active form and high sexual desire.
As for its productive qualities
On average, the female gives birth to 2-3 kids in one litter, the weight of the newborn is 1-2 kg, it reaches sexual maturity early at 8 months, and it is non-seasonal for reproduction, and females and males reproduce throughout the year. In season, the length of the milk season is 7-10 months, and goats have a high sexual desire throughout the year.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Center - Animal Production Research Institute, is making tangible efforts to raise and improve the productivity of the Zaraibi goats in two parallel lines through selection for high productivity of meat or milk.
2- Lightning goats or desert goats:
The Barqi goat, or the desert goat, is widespread in the desert areas and the northwestern coast region (the areas of Marsa Matrouh, Salloum, Sinai and the Red Sea), and they are very close in their formal and productive characteristics. Baladi is in its reproductive efficiency, but its kids are smaller and more lively, and its hair is long covering most of the body, and the black color is the most common. To a small degree, the weight of the newborn is 2 kg, and her milk production is 650 gm per day.
3 - Baladi goats:
Baladi goats are spread all over the Arab Republic of Egypt, and they vary greatly in their formal and productive characteristics, and are often black, brown, white, or a mixture of these colors. They are medium in size, on average, weighing 30-35 kg, and their reproductive efficiency is high throughout the year. Double and triple twins Normal and quadruple is unusual and gives an average of 2.1 products per season, and its milk production varies from 0.5 to 1.5 kg per day, i.e. 60-120 kg of milk per season, and its milk production suffices the needs of its newborns, birth weight 1.5 - 2.5 kg, weaning weight 8 - 10 kg, and they vary in the shape of the udder.
4 - Al-Wahati goats:
Al-Wahati goats are found in the oasis region, and there is no reliable information on their productivity.
5 - Al-Saidi goats:
They are similar to the local goats in many of their characteristics, except for the size of the head, which is larger and the skeleton is larger.
In fact, these aforementioned local breeds are called real breeds, and the rest of the local goat breeds are a mixture of these breeds.
Second: Imported goats:
There are many international strains that were imported, whether through the Ministry of Agriculture or other agencies. The most important of them:
1 - Shami goat
(Damascene goats)Shami goats are bred in Syria, Lebanon and Cyprus for the production of milk and meat. They are considered one of the most important breeds that have proven their efficiency and their ability to improve local breeds, whether producing milk or producing meat. The first roots of them were sourced from Cyprus and Syria, and they were bred in different regions in Egypt and succeeded in raising them in the governorates There are many, the most famous of which are the eastern, Marsa Matrouh, and the western Sinta, and the Gemmayzeh station is the station in which this dynasty is mainly present.
Its formal characteristics:
Large in size, thick hair, and its color is often dark brown, and some of its individuals are gray or white, and its face has a Roman nose, and its ears are long hanging on both sides of the face, and the body is remarkably long, and the females are distinguished by a well-formed udder, while the males (goats) are Active form and high sexual desire, but it is seasonal in its reproductive activity.
Its productive qualities:
The goats that are found in Cyprus are large goats, the average weight of the female is 50-60 kg, the goats reach 60-90 kg, the female gives birth to 1.7-1.8 kids per season, the weight of the newborn is 3 kg, and at the age of 6 months it reaches 17.5 kg, the goat reaches sexual maturity early at 10 months, and the production of The female produces 355 kg of milk, and the production of some individuals reaches 450 kg per season, and the length of the milk season is 200-210 days.
The Animal Production Research Institute plays a pioneering role in improving the production of local goats in Egypt by mixing them with Shami goats to raise their productivity, whether of meat or milk. The female produces 100 kg of milk, giving intermediate production specifications between the two strains, as it produced a mixture of 1/4 Damascene x Baladi or Al-Barqi. The weight of the newborn is 2.4 kg, and at the age of 6 months it reaches 15.0 kg. Al-Ashmi goats. These crosses of goats were distributed to goat breeders to improve their production of local goats in Sharkia and Marsa Matrouh governorates. They are also available at the Animal Production Research Institute.
2 Anglo-Nubian goat:
The Anglo-Nubian goat originated in Britain by mixing the Egyptian Nubian goat with the Indian goat, and from there it spread to many regions in the world. It resembles the Egyptian Zaraibi goat in many of its characteristics, except that it is larger than it. The weight of the goat reaches 60 kg, and the goat weighs 35-40 kg, and its milk production reaches 700 kg. In one season, it was introduced by the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture and is adapted to local conditions.
3 - Alpine goat:
AlpineThere are Swiss, British and French Alpine, but the most famous is the French Alpine. Its triangular shape is like a milk animal, its udder is well formed, and its color is apricot. It is distinguished by the presence of a black line on the back. Its production in its homeland reaches 1000 kg. However, it is sensitive to disease and needs pioneering care. The Sheep and Goat Research Department - Animal Production Research Institute crossed the French alpine goat with the local goats. . Despite the superiority of the first generation hybrid (producing 400 kg of milk per season) over the local goats in some productive traits, the problem of lack of adaptation and the high mortality rate in pure alpine goats made it necessary to continue mixing it.
4 - Boer Goats
It originated in South Africa, and from there it spread to Australia and America, adapting to different environmental conditions, and the fallow goats are mainly bred for the production of meat, and there are 5 strains of them, the best of which is the improved fallow (found in Egypt at the Al-Shaer Island station in Al-Qanater Al-Khairiya) and it is more suitable for meat production. The characteristics of the meat are good The fast-growing males give 250 g/day and the goats 186 g/day at the age of 270 days, and give to a fertility rate where goats are common every 18-21 days for 37.4 hours on average and produce 50% of the goats are twins and 15% of them are three kids, the female reaches sexual maturity at the age of 6 months, males at 5-6 months, and can impregnate females at a weight of 32 kg. They are consistent in composition and colors, often white in color with a brown head and neck, hornless and heavy in weight. The weight of the goat reaches 90-120 kg and the goat 80-90 kg. Its milk production is sufficient and reaches 1.800. 2,500 kg per day. The peak of the milk season is 6-8 weeks after birth.
advice:
When you buy one of these strains, you must buy from a trusted source. It takes into account that the goats are of good physical composition, born twins, free from diseases, have bright eyes, shiny hair, soft nose pad, gums and tongue are red, and are suitable for the areas of consumption of their products, and take into account the age gradient of the herd and maintain it at all times.
The Sheep and Goats Research Department of the Animal Production Research Institute acquires these breeds, propagates them and keeps them pure so that educators in Egypt have the opportunity to genetically improve using artificial insemination in goats and disseminate them to educators in general and members of the Egyptian Society for Sheep, Goats and Desert Animals in particular, at a marginal cost in support of educators in Nubaria and Marsa. Matrouh and Eastern.
Goat dwellings:
The goats have the ability to acclimatize and adapt to different environmental conditions. Therefore, they do not need special pens. Simple umbrellas are sufficient to shelter them. Benches for food and a drinking basin are placed in them. 15 square meters are allocated for each head for lodging. They can also be raised indoors and in herds of commercial milk goats. He builds birthing areas, an automatic milking parlor, and a registration office. Automated data, support, decision-making, feed stores... and others, in addition to the farm's administrative buildings.
Also, due to its ability to eat the bark of trees, it makes it destructive to grazing areas that have trees, and this can be avoided by preventing these causes, as it is recommended to surround the barns with a high wall.
During the milking season, the goats must be isolated in pens away from the milking goats in order to avoid and reduce the undesirable flavor of goat milk.
Milking of goats is currently done by hand, and in large farms it is done by automatic milking machines (located in Al-Sir and Sukha stations), the finest types of leather products are made from their skins.
Goat care:
Reproduction in goats:
Goats are characterized by high reproductive efficiency that exceeds other farm animals, as the age of sexual maturity for them is small, 4-5 months for males and 5-6 months for females, and the fertility rate is very high, which is usually 80-90% during the period of pollination of one to two months, and it can Reproduction after a short period of birth (approximately 60 days) while continuing its high production of milk. On the other hand, its production of twins is high, which is a normal characteristic for all goat strains. Some strains are distinguished by their ability to reproduce throughout the year. One goat (male goat) can reproduce. Approximately 30-50 goats are fertilized during the pollination season, and the length of the estrus cycle ranges between 19-21 days, and the estrus period lasts 48-52 hours, and the length of the pregnancy period is 148 + 5 days, and the age at the first birth in the local breeds ranges between 9 to 15 month, and the European goat breeds (seasonal reproduction), that is, they have a specific breeding season, where they reproduce in the fall and winter, and their reproductive activity stops in the spring and summer.
Preparing goats for the pollination season:
Reproduction in goats (goats) begins with the occurrence of the estrus cycle, and goats are considered among the animals that have many estrus cycles, and the estrus cycles are repeated during the breeding season every 17-18 days on average, and the estrus period lasts on average 24-36 hours and may range from 8 to 72 hours.
Among the signs of estrus are reddening of the skin, the secretion of some vaginal secretions, the goat surrendering to the goat and allowing him to jump on it, and the females in the estrus stage surrounding the male in case he is with the females, and the eggs are secreted near the end of the estrus period (the last third of the estrus period), and so it is advised By fertilization near the end of the estrus period, and if it extends for more than 24 hours, then fertilization is repeated.
As for male goats, they must be trained for pollination before the start of the pollination season, and their semen should be tested to ensure their suitability for pollination.
pollination season:
It is customary in the local goats to leave the goats with the females all year long, and this wastes the goats’ energy, and also exposes the females to miscarriage, given that the goats do not hesitate to jump even if the females are tenants. In view of the high percentage of twins, it is recommended to select the pollination season to suit the weather conditions of the born goats, which are weak, and the goats are vaccinated from the beginning of September to the middle of November. Reserve it.
As for the goat breeds with high milk production, the birth date must be arranged so that the green pasture is available for the longest possible period after birth. .
As for the goats that are raised in barns, the females are divided into fertilization groups, with each group of 30-35 goats. A goat is allocated to them for basic vaccination and another for reserve. In general, the pollination season must be shortened so that it does not exceed two months, so that they can be born at a close time, which helps to organize and save labor, time and effort at work. , As well as controlling the production of lambs or kids at the time of increased demand in the market, especially on Eid al-Adha.
Among the recent trends that have proven highly efficient when used at the applied level is the simultaneous unification of estrus for all females using hormonal treatments in various and multiple ways.
Birth:
The date of birth of the goats must be anticipated and a suitable place for their birth should be prepared and kept there until they are born. Great attention must be focused on this period to receive the goat crop, as most deaths in newborns occur during and after their birth for several reasons, the most important of which are: the mother’s lack of care for her newborns and breastfeeding, and the mother’s failure to dry her offspring, which causes injury Gastroenteritis, and his birth coincided with very cold weather.
Goat feeding:
The nutritional needs of goats are provided according to their physiological condition, age, and production status (singles, twins, milk production, fattening...etc.) according to the nutritional courses followed at the Animal Production Research Institute. However, there are some observations and tips when feeding goats:
The goat is a grazing animal in the first place, and the more pastures and non-traditional food sources are available, the greater the economic profitability of goat production projects.
The need to provide mineral salts in the diet, so it must be ensured that major salts are added to the diets in proportions of not less than 1%, with the importance of the presence of mineral salt briquettes in the ponds all the time and the provision of a high source of energy, especially when cases of pregnancy poisoning occur, and in this case it is advised to add molasses (molasses) reeds or beets) in drinking water at a rate of 1/2 kilo per head per day for a period ranging from 10-15 days before the expected date of birth by a period of not less than 3 weeks.
A sufficient number of troughs containing concentrated fodder should be placed, whether in the barns or in the pastures within the pasture, in order to prevent overcrowding when distributing the concentrated fodder.
Goats and goats are sufficient during periods of non-production to graze in green pastures or on crop residues while leaving the fillers such as straw, rice straw and some hay in front of them constantly to cover their nutritional needs. The nutritional value of the fillers can be raised by biological treatments.
As for the publican goats, they need to add 1/2 kg of concentrated diet in the last three months of pregnancy (the publican in animals) to meet the increase in the growth of the fetus, and after childbirth we need attention and feeding them to meet their nutritional needs in addition to producing milk to breastfeed their newborns, and they also need to pay two weeks before the start of the pollination season, and a third week continues by adding 3/4 kg concentrated diet per head.
Care must be taken to breastfeed the newborn sarsop, as it contains a large amount of immune bodies sufficient to protect the newborns from diseases in the first period of their life. After ten days, the mother is allowed to go to the pasture, provided that her newborns are breastfed three to four times a day until they are weaned.
The extra goats are fattened beyond the need of the farm without neutering them or after neutering them after weaning, and this is the best. % digested total materials), and the mixtures should not contain any straws or fillers, and it is necessary for the kids to be weaned and not to have eaten fillers to prevent the development of the rumen, and to introduce these mixtures gradually to prevent diarrhea.
Health care Goats are exposed to many viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases that cause great losses, and therefore disease control is considered an essential factor in preserving goat herds, and a program of periodic vaccinations against common diseases in goats must be followed, and the use of a veterinarian with actual experience and knowledge of goat diseases, and avoid much talk, In practice, prevention is better than cure.
The most common diseases affecting goats:
1- Mastitis disease:
It is considered one of the most serious problems of milk production farms, and the most costly and disturbing, so that it has become the third reason for the exclusion of animals after the decrease in the productive and reproductive efficiency of the animal. And the use of antiseptics to disinfect the udder after milking goats publican.
As for infected goats, the infected quarter of the udder is milked and antibiotics are injected into the infected teats.
2- Pseudotuberculosis:
The disease is caused by a type of bacteria called Corni bacteria, and the disease is transmitted by swallowing the microbe with contaminated materials by sheep and goats as well when scratching or wounding the skin, and its symptoms: Tumors and abscesses appear on the animal’s body, especially in the areas of lymph nodes below the jaws, below the ear, and on the shoulder blade (above the bone tablet) and the top of the udder in front of the thigh bones, and these tumors and abscesses have pus distinguished by green almonds, and cause a decrease in the animal’s productivity in addition to deformation of its skin, and the animal remains a carrier of the disease even if it is apparently cured from it, and it is advised to get rid of infected animals by slaughtering them inside the slaughterhouse.
protection:
Sheds and animals should be cleaned and disinfected, and BCG should be given.
1/2 ml/ for lambs born up to one month of age and repeated every 6 months.
treatment :
Abscesses are treated surgically, following the healthy methods for that, and the pus material must be deeply buried or burned.
3 - Infectious abortion Maltese fever
The disease is caused by the bacterium Siella militensis, which is transmitted through the mouth during eating or contamination by touch, and the microbe is capable of transmitting to humans who deal with infected animals, so it is a common disease. Bur Siella causes miscarriage in goats, especially in the last two months of pregnancy. In order to prevent it, it is necessary to ensure that goats are free of it by periodic examination of animals, and to get rid of infected animals by slaughtering them inside the slaughterhouse, with contacting the Directorate of Veterinary Medicine to take the necessary measures.
4- Soft kidney disease in kids:
The disease is caused by a type of bacterium Clostridium perfringens and is found in the intestines, but under certain conditions as a result of a different type of food or a change in the quantities of food provided to the animal.
Symptoms:
Sudden death in large proportions of up to 90% of infected animals.
Imbalance of the affected animal - the appearance of convulsions - diarrhea and flatulence before death - sudden death of the kids despite the rapid growth and good health condition - the temperature is normal and may rise with the appearance of convulsions.
protection:
Disinfecting the enclosures and vaccinating the animals in the endemic area in which the disease appeared on a regular basis with Covaxin 8, which is a comprehensive immunization for a group of anaerobes and resistance to dysentery infection. It should be repeated after 24 days of the first immunization unless the animal has been vaccinated, then it should be repeated every 6 months, especially at the end of the pregnancy period before childbirth. In 45 days, the treatment is useless.
Nevertheless, it is necessary to point out the following general points:
A mother who is vaccinated periodically during the last months of pregnancy transmits a large amount of immune bodies to colic in the last days before childbirth, to protect the newborn from diseases in the first period of her life, and the newborn must be vaccinated after a period of two months to raise the level of immunity to it.
Unvaccinated mothers transmit a small amount of immunity to their offspring, so lambs must be vaccinated in the first weeks of their life, such as immunization for lambs' dysentery.
The purchased animals can carry new diseases with them to the farm and pose a threat to the original herd. Therefore, they must be purchased from a good, reliable and vaccinated source, and they should be dosed against internal and external parasites with IVOMAC at a rate of 1/2 ml / kg live. - It is also possible for animals purchased on the farm to become infected, if the farm has diseases that the animal did not get sick with in its previous life, and therefore it must be isolated for at least a month after its arrival at the farm.
Dear reader.....
Before you accept the thought of establishing a herd of goats or making a productive project for the production of milk or meat, you must get to know the breeds that are suitable for your productive purpose for the success of the project. Before it happens, applying the principle of prevention is better than cure, and also using a real economic feasibility study based on reality and not a figment of imagination so that your dreams dissipate and oppress the goats.
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